本期节目邀请了神经科学教授Michael Kilgard博士，深入探讨了贯穿生命周期的神经可塑性与学习机制。他强调了保持警觉、专注努力、学习后反思以及充足睡眠对于促进神经可塑性的重要性，并详细阐述了多巴胺、乙酰胆碱、血清素和去甲肾上腺素在其中的作用。Kilgard博士还介绍了提升神经可塑性的行为策略，以及迷走神经刺激（VNS）等疗法在治疗耳鸣、中风、抑郁、创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）和瘫痪等疾病中的应用。无论您是对大脑重塑、认知或运动技能提升，还是对感觉或运动障碍的治疗感兴趣，本期节目都将为您带来现代脑科学的深刻见解。

🧠 神经可塑性需要多重因素驱动：Dr. Kilgard指出，要有效地促进神经可塑性，需要结合专注的努力、学习后的反思以及充足的睡眠。这几个要素协同作用，才能在大脑中建立和加强新的连接，从而实现学习和适应。多巴胺、乙酰胆碱、血清素和去甲肾上腺素等神经递质在这一过程中扮演着关键角色，它们共同调节着大脑的可塑性状态。

💡 行为策略与神经刺激疗法：除了内在的生理机制，文章还介绍了外在的行为干预措施。例如，通过刻意练习、正念和冥想来提升专注力，通过回顾和总结来加深记忆。此外，迷走神经刺激（VNS）等神经调控技术被提及，它们能够影响大脑活动，并在治疗耳鸣、中风、抑郁、PTSD和瘫痪等多种神经系统疾病方面展现出潜力。

👶 儿童与成人的可塑性差异：节目中讨论了儿童和成人之间在神经可塑性上的差异。儿童大脑的可塑性更强，学习能力更具优势，但成年人依然可以通过有意识的训练和策略来提升自身的可塑性。文章还探讨了早期语言发展、真实体验与虚拟体验对儿童大脑发育的影响，以及社交媒体和视频对儿童过度刺激的问题。

🚀 学习的复杂性与个体化治疗：学习过程是复杂且多维度的，它不仅涉及信息的获取，还包括信息的整合、记忆的巩固以及技能的应用。对于疾病的治疗，特别是神经系统疾病，往往需要结合多种疗法，形成个性化的治疗方案。例如，对于耳鸣和PTSD等疾病，虽然有迷走神经刺激等疗法，但疾病的复杂性意味着需要更精细化的研究和多模式的联合治疗。

In this episode, my guest is Dr. Michael Kilgard, PhD, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Texas at Dallas and a leading expert on neuroplasticity and learning across the lifespan. We discuss the need for alertness, effortful focus, post-learning reflection and sleep to induce neuroplasticity, and how dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin and norepinephrine are each involved. He explains the behavioral steps for neuroplasticity, as well as vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) and other therapies for tinnitus, stroke, depression, PTSD and paralysis. This episode ought to be of use to anyone interested in understanding the modern science of brain rewiring and learning to improve cognitive or motor skills or treat sensory or motor disorders.

Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.

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Timestamps

(00:00) Michael Kilgard

(03:24) Neuroplasticity

(05:13) Child vs Adult Plasticity, Childhood Development & Learning

(09:37) Sponsors: Eight Sleep & Wealthfront

(12:41) Kids, Real vs Artificial Experiences & Balance, Video Games, Natural World

(21:13) Social Media & Videos, Kids, Overstimulation & Development

(33:42) Early Language Development, Passive vs Real Experiences, Kids & Adults

(39:23) Sponsors: AG1 & Carbon

(42:44) Learning & Plasticity Requirements; Focus, Friction, Rest & Reflection

(52:24) Brain Connections, Complexity, Life Experiences & Plasticity

(1:02:51) Learning, Reflection, Visualization, Testing

(1:09:45) Experience Diversity & Time, Happiness, Life Appreciation

(1:18:05) Sponsor: Function

(1:19:53) Learning & Life Meaning

(1:23:25) Neuromodulators, Brain Complexity, Synaptic Eligibility Trace & Learning

(1:34:28) Synapses, Therapy for PTSD, Rewiring the Brain

(1:39:01) Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS), Stroke, Spinal Cord Injury, Tinnitus, PTSD

(1:47:33) Psychedelics, Neurostimulation, Importance of Timing

(1:57:47) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) & Major Depression

(2:01:51) Psychedelics/SSRIs as Plasticity Tools, SSRIs & Bone Strength, Failed Clinical Trials

(2:13:18) Can VNS Accelerate Learning?

(2:16:01) VNS Surgery, Patient Use & Specificity, Closed-Loop Vagus Nerve Stimulation

(2:18:18) Tinnitus Cause, Incidence & Self-Amplification; PTSD & Control

(2:28:12) VNS for Tinnitus; Disease Complexity & Treatments, Lazy Eye

(2:41:05) Complexity of Disease Treatments & Combination Therapies

(2:48:50) Brain-Machine Interfaces, Information & Experiences; Closed-Loop Feedback; Resilience

(2:59:09) Evolving Clinical Trials, Combination Treatments & Disease Complexity

(3:05:21) Acknowledgements

(3:07:04) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter

Disclaimer & Disclosures

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