Jim talks with Nicholas Humphrey about the ideas in his 2023 book Sentience: The Invention of Consciousness. They discuss the distinction between sentience & consciousness, access consciousness vs phenomenal consciousness, terminology in consciousness studies, ring-fencing theories, Nicholas's early experiments with phosphenes, the discovery of blindsight in monkeys, his relationship with Helen the monkey, color preferences in monkeys, sensation vs perception, realism vs illusionism, consciousness as art, the concept of "ipsundrum," the evolution of consciousness as "all or nothing," the Fermi paradox & the uniqueness of consciousness, qualophilia, consciousness in birds & mammals, theory of mind in different species, and much more. Sentience: The Invention of Consciousness, by Nicholas Humphrey Seeing Red: A Study in Consciousness, by Nicholas Humphrey The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, by Charles Darwin The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature, by Geoffrey Miller Yoshua Bengio: Deep Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast JRS EP148 - Antonio Damasio on Feeling and KnowingNicholas Humphrey is an English psychologist who studies the evolution of intelligence and consciousness. He was the first to demonstrate the existence of "blindsight" in monkeys, studied mountain gorillas with Dian Fossey in Rwanda, proposed the celebrated theory of the "social function of intellect," and has investigated the evolutionary background of religion, art, healing, death-awareness, and suicide. His honours include the Martin Luther King Memorial Prize, the Pufendorf Medal, and the International Mind and Brain Prize. His most recent books are Seeing Red, Soul Dust, and Sentience.