科罗拉多大学的肾脏病学教授Rick Johnson在本期节目中解释了他的研究如何从血压原因转向关注果糖对代谢的深远影响。他探讨了盐与高血压之间的关系，深入讲解了尿酸酸，并详细揭示了糖（特别是果糖）如何深刻影响代谢健康的机制和途径。此外，他还讨论了将这些信息应用于实际患者的方法，以及针对脂肪肝、胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病和肥胖等流行病开发的药物治疗的最新理念。

🔍Rick Johnson教授的研究重点转移：从血压原因到果糖的代谢影响，这一转变是如何发生的，以及它的重要性。

🧂盐与高血压的关系：Rick Johnson教授探讨了盐摄入与高血压之间的联系，以及糖（特别是果糖）在这一过程中的角色。

🍬果糖、葡萄糖和糖的定义：教授对这三种物质进行了明确的区分，并解释了它们在人体内的不同代谢途径。

🐒人类容易将果糖转化为脂肪的古老突变：Rick Johnson教授揭示了这一突变如何影响我们的代谢。

🔬尿酸酸水平升高的问题：尿酸酸水平升高告诉我们糖如何导致疾病，以及如何应对。

🍭糖如何导致肥胖：教授详细解释了葡萄糖与果糖代谢的区别，以及果糖诱导的关键途径。

🥤饮用糖比食用糖更糟糕：Rick Johnson教授探讨了为什么液态糖对健康的影响更为严重。

🌪️糖驱动氧化应激的能力：糖如何影响线粒体，导致胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病。

🎯癌症对果糖的喜爱：教授讨论了为什么癌细胞更喜欢果糖。

🍎果糖的使用部位：人体哪些部位可以利用果糖，以及这是如何影响我们的健康的。

💊果糖激酶抑制剂：Rick Johnson教授探讨了这种潜在的重大药物。

🌶️治疗高尿酸酸水平：教授分享了他如何与患者一起处理这个问题。

🧂盐摄入建议：Rick Johnson教授给出了他对患者的盐摄入建议。

🍞即使没有果糖，过多的葡萄糖也会导致问题：教授讨论了高碳水化合物饮食的影响。

🍬人工甜味剂与真糖的对比：教授分享了哪种更健康。

🍖味素、MSG、酒精、啤酒与代谢疾病：这些物质在代谢疾病中扮演什么角色。

🍎果糖摄入的接受度：Rick Johnson教授讨论了果糖摄入的合理量，以及水果的角色。

🍼管理孩子的糖摄入：教授分享了他如何管理自己孩子的糖摄入。

In this episode, Rick Johnson, Professor of Nephrology at the University of Colorado, explains how his research into the causes of blood pressure resulted in a change of research direction to focus more on how fructose has such profound metabolic effects. Rick discusses the relationship between salt and high blood pressure, provides a masterclass into uric acid, and expertly reveals the mechanisms and pathways by which sugar (specifically fructose) can profoundly impact metabolic health. From there, he explains how he applies this information to real life patients, as well as touches on some of the most promising ideas around pharmacotherapy that are being developed in response to the epidemics of fatty liver, insulin resistance, diabetes, and obesity. Furthermore, Rick gives his take on artificial sweeteners compared to real sugar, discusses cancer’s affinity for fructose, and much more.

We discuss: 

The connection between blood pressure and fructose that shifted Rick’s professional focus [4:00]; The relationship between salt and blood pressure (and the role of sugar) [5:45]; Defining fructose, glucose, and sugar [19:30]; An ancient mutation in apes that explains why humans turn fructose into fat so easily [23:00]; The problems with elevated uric acid levels, and what it tells us about how sugar causes disease [31:30]; How sugar causes obesity—explaining the difference in glucose vs. fructose metabolism and the critical pathway induced by fructose [40:00]; Why drinking sugar is worse than eating it [50:00]; Unique ability of sugar to drive oxidative stress to the mitochondria, insulin resistance, and diabetes [54:00]; Why cancer loves fructose [1:00:15]; The many areas of the body that can use fructose [1:05:00]; Fructokinase inhibitors—a potential blockbuster? [1:07:15]; Treating high uric acid levels—Rick’s approach with patients [1:10:00]; Salt intake—what advice does Rick give his patients? [1:16:30]; How excess glucose (i.e., high carb diets) can cause problems even in the absence of fructose [1:21:00]; Artificial sweeteners vs. real sugar—which is better? [1:29:15]; Umami, MSG, alcohol, beer—do these have a role in metabolic illness? [1:33:45]; Fructose consumption—Is any amount acceptable? Is fruit okay? Where does Rick draw a hard line? [1:38:45] How does Rick manage the sugar intake of his young kids? [1:43:00]; and More.

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