来源:雪球App,作者: 王冠亚,(https://xueqiu.com/4525540121/297880769)
巴菲特致股东的信原文精读Day405:
原文:To illustrate, let’s assume that an investor owns a risk-free 10% perpetual bond with one very unusual feature. Each year the investor can elect either to take his 10% coupon in cash, or to reinvest the coupon in more 10% bonds with identical terms; i.e., a perpetual life and coupons offering the same cash-or-reinvest option. If, in any given year, the prevailing interest rate on long-term, risk-free bonds is 5%, it would be foolish for the investor to take his coupon in cash since the 10% bonds he could instead choose would be worth considerably more than 100 cents on the dollar. Under these circumstances, the investor wanting to get his hands on cash should take his coupon in additional bonds and then immediately sell them. By doing that, he would realize more cash than if he had taken his coupon directly in cash. Assuming all bonds were held by rational investors, no one would opt for cash in an era of 5% interest rates, not even those bondholders needing cash for living purposes.(1984)
释义:1.“perpetual”意为“永恒的”;
2.“coupon”意为“息票”;“identical”意为“完全相同的”;
3.“prevailing”意为“流行的”。
精译:为了说明这一点,让我们假设投资者拥有一只息票率为10%的无风险永久债券。这只债券有个特点,每年投资者可以选择将10%的息票兑换成现金,或者将息票再投资于更多条款相同的债券;即同样拥有10%的息票率,同样可以提供现金或再投资这两种选项。如果在某一年,长期无风险债券的现行利率为5%,投资者将息票兑换成现金是愚蠢的,因为他可以选择息票率为10%债券,其市值远远高于面值。在这种情况下,想要获得现金的投资者应当将他的息票换成债券,然后立即出售。这样做的话,他获得的现金会多于直接用息票兑换的现金。假设所有债券都由理性的投资者持有,在利率为5%的时代,没有人会选择现金,即使是那些需要靠现金维持生活的债券持有人也不会。(1984年)
心得:假设一只债券的面值是100美元,每年的利息是10美元,投资者可以选择分红或者再投资。当长期无风险利率为5%时,如果投资者选择分红,他的资产结构会变成100美元债券(收益率10%)+10美元利息(收益率5%);如果投资者选择再投资,他的资产结构会变成110美元债券(收益率10%)。显然,随着时间的推移,后者的市值会远远高于前者。即便是投资者有现金需求,他也会选择卖出债券,而不是直接将息票兑换成现金。
债券和股票的原理是一样的,巴菲特讲债券的案例,最终是为了说明股票的“一美元原则”:对于股票(或企业)产生的利润,如果股票自身的收益率高于投资者能获得的收益率,那么公司选择留存收益就胜过分红给投资者。由于留存收益是有效率的,长期而言,每一美元的留存收益必然会创造超过一美元的市值。
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