本期节目探讨了摇头丸（MDMA）对大脑的影响，包括它如何影响情绪处理的短期和长期变化，以及它在治疗创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）、酒精和其他物质使用成瘾方面的临床应用。节目探讨了MDMA如何提升情绪、同理心、动力、社交参与，并降低“威胁检测”的机制，以及这些影响如何协同支持心理治疗。节目还解释了关于MDMA潜在神经毒性的持续争论、关于MDMA后“崩溃”的起源和治疗的神话、围绕MDMA在临床用途中的使用不断变化的法律环境，并警告休闲用户注意黑市MDMA中常见的高度危险添加剂（例如芬太尼）。

🧠 **MDMA如何影响大脑？** MDMA通过增加大脑中血清素和多巴胺的水平来发挥作用，这些神经递质与情绪、同理心、动机和社交行为有关。MDMA还能影响杏仁核，杏仁核是大脑中负责处理恐惧和威胁的区域。

💊 **MDMA的潜在治疗用途：** 由于其对情绪和社交行为的影响，MDMA被认为是治疗PTSD、酒精和物质使用成瘾的潜在治疗方法。在临床试验中，MDMA与心理治疗相结合，已被证明可以帮助患者处理创伤、减少焦虑和提高生活质量。

⚠️ **MDMA的安全性和潜在风险：** 虽然MDMA在治疗环境中具有潜在的益处，但休闲使用MDMA存在风险。MDMA可能导致心血管问题、体温过高和精神疾病。此外，黑市MDMA中经常掺入危险添加剂，例如芬太尼，这使得休闲使用MDMA变得更加危险。

🧪 **MDMA的神经毒性争论：** 关于MDMA是否会对大脑造成长期损害存在争议。一些研究表明，高剂量或反复使用MDMA可能导致血清素神经元损伤。然而，其他研究表明，MDMA在治疗环境中以低剂量使用是安全的。

⚖️ **MDMA的法律地位：** MDMA在大多数国家是非法的，但在某些国家，例如美国，正在进行临床试验，以评估其治疗PTSD和其他疾病的潜力。关于MDMA的法律地位正在不断变化，未来可能会有更多国家将其合法化用于治疗用途。

In this episode, I discuss Methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine (MDMA), which is also commonly known as “ecstasy” or “molly,” including how it works in the brain to cause short- and long- term-shifts in emotional processing and its clinical applications for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol and other substance-use addictions. I discuss the neuronal mechanisms for how MDMA elevates mood, empathy, motivation, social engagement, and reduces “threat detection” and how these effects can synergistically support talk therapy. I also explain the ongoing debate about the potential neurotoxicity of MDMA, myths about the origins and treatments for post-MDMA “crash,” the evolving legal landscape around MDMA use for clinical purposes, and I caution recreational users about the extremely dangerous additives (e.g., fentanyl) now commonly found in black market MDMA. This should be of interest to those curious about MDMA, neuropharmacology, the origins of emotional processing in the brain, empathy, PTSD, neuroplasticity, mental health and psychiatry.

For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com.

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Timestamps

(00:00:00) MDMA “Ecstasy”

(00:04:54) Sponsors: LMNT & Waking Up

(00:08:18) MDMA History & Synthesis; Legality

(00:14:45) MDMA, Methamphetamine (Meth), Dopamine & Serotonin

(00:23:30) MDMA vs Psychedelics vs Ketamine

(00:26:54) MDMA & Serotonin 1B Receptor, Subjective Feelings, Trauma

(00:30:12) Sponsor: AG1

(00:34:51) Amygdala & Threat Detection, Pro-Social Behavior, MDMA Dosages

(00:45:48) Interoception, MDMA & Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

(00:52:36) Long-Term Effects, Threat Detection & PTSD

(00:56:14) MDMA, Social Connection & Empathy; Meth, SSRIs

(01:07:22) Oxytocin & MDMA

(01:16:10) Safety & Neurotoxicity; Recreational Use, Caffeine & Fentanyl

(01:26:36) Is MDMA Neurotoxic?; Poly-Pharmacology, Body Temperature

(01:37:07) Post-MDMA “Crash”, Prolactin & P‑5‑P

(01:43:07) PTSD & Trauma; Talk Therapy, SSRIs

(01:54:09) PTSD Treatment: Talk Therapy + MDMA

(02:02:46) MDMA & Addiction; Dissociative PTSD & Empathy

(02:09:47) Side-Effects?, MDMA Efficacy & Legality

(02:15:22) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube Feedback, Spotify & Apple Reviews, Sponsors, Momentous, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter

Title Card Photo Credit: Mike Blabac

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