Clearer Thinking with Spencer Greenberg 2024年07月16日
Effectively encouraging people to give more (with Josh Greene)
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本文探讨了道德判断、社会行为和政治分化背后的心理机制。作者Joshua Greene,哈佛大学心理学教授,深入研究了道德判断中情感和理性的相互作用,以及个人和集体智能的关键特征。他认为,理解人类的进化史对于塑造我们的价值观至关重要,并探讨了如何构建跨越政治分化的桥梁,以及如何鼓励人们更自然地为慈善事业做出贡献。

🤔 **理解人类的进化史对于塑造我们的价值观至关重要。** 作者认为,了解人类的进化历史有助于理解我们为什么会有不同的道德观和社会行为。例如,为什么孩子们比成年人更容易对陌生人表现出利他行为?为什么有些人更容易成为“鸽派”,而另一些人更容易成为“鹰派”?这些问题的答案可能与人类的进化史密切相关。

🤝 **构建跨越政治分化的桥梁需要理解和包容。** 作者指出,政治极化是当今社会面临的一个重要问题。为了解决这个问题,我们需要理解不同政治派别的观点,并尝试构建尊重和信任的桥梁。这需要我们克服对对方的偏见,并愿意倾听不同的声音。作者认为,即使我们认为对方是“完全疯狂”或“邪恶”的,我们也应该尝试理解他们的观点,因为只有这样才能找到共同的解决方案。

💰 **鼓励人们为慈善事业做出贡献需要更自然、更少操纵的方式。** 作者认为,传统的慈善募捐方式往往过于强调慈善机构的有效性,而忽略了人们的内在动机。他建议,应该采用更自然、更少操纵的方式来鼓励人们捐款,例如通过捐赠捆绑和微匹配等方式。

🧠 **心理学视角下的功利主义。** 作者认为,功利主义需要考虑心理因素的影响。传统的功利主义只关注结果,而忽略了人们的情感和心理状态。他认为,一个更完善的功利主义应该考虑人们的心理感受,以及他们对不同结果的偏好。

🧩 **道德部落:情感、理性与我们之间的差距。** 作者认为,人类的道德判断受到情感和理性的共同影响。我们的情感会影响我们的道德判断,而我们的理性则会帮助我们分析和理解道德问题。然而,情感和理性之间存在着差距,这会导致我们对不同群体的人产生偏见。作者认为,理解这种差距对于促进社会和谐至关重要。

Read the full transcript here.

How can people be encouraged in ways that are more natural and less manipulative to increase the amounts they give to charities? Why are arguments based on the effectiveness of charitable organizations less compelling to most people than we'd like for them to be? What percentages of a social group should be "doves", "hawks", "eagles", or something else? To what extent should our knowledge about our evolutionary history shape our values? Why are children more likely than adults to engage in prosocial behaviors towards strangers? Aside from anecdotal evidence, how do we know that political polarization in the US has been increasing over the last few decades? How can bridges of respect and trust be built between warring political tribes? How can people even begin to undertake the project of building bridges across political divides if they have no interest in understanding or engaging with the other side — especially if they believe that the other side is completely deranged, evil, or otherwise unfit to govern at any level? What is "deep pragmatism"? What might a "psychologically-informed" version of utilitarianism look like?

Josh Greene is Professor of Psychology and a member of the Center for Brain Science faculty at Harvard University. Much of his research has focused on the psychology and neuroscience of moral judgment, examining the interplay between emotion and reason in moral dilemmas. His more recent work studies critical features of individual and collective intelligence. His current neuroscientific research examines how the brain combines concepts to form thoughts and how thoughts are manipulated in reasoning and imagination. His current behavioral research examines strategies for improving social decision-making and alleviating intergroup conflict. He is also the author of Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them. Learn more about him at his website, joshua-greene.net.

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道德判断 社会行为 政治分化 进化史 功利主义
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