Should we widen our moral circles to include animals, insects, and AIs? (with Jeff Sebo)

Clearer Thinking with Spencer Greenberg 2024年07月16日

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本文探讨了动物权利的范围，从工厂化养殖对动物的残酷对待，扩展到对昆虫、植物、真菌甚至单细胞生物的道德考量。文章还探讨了人工智能的意识和感知能力，以及时间感知与大脑信息处理速度的关系。最后，文章提出了关于堕胎、自由意志和泛心论等问题的思考，并探讨了如何应对这些问题的挑战。

🤔 **工厂化养殖的伦理问题:** 工厂化养殖对动物造成了巨大的痛苦和折磨，不仅违背了动物福利，也对环境造成了负面影响。我们需要重新思考人类与动物的关系，以及如何减少对动物的剥削。

🐛 **非人类生物的道德考量:** 除了动物，昆虫、植物、真菌和单细胞生物也应该受到我们的道德考量。这些生物虽然没有人类复杂的意识，但它们仍然是生命体，拥有生存的权利。

🤖 **人工智能的意识和感知:** 人工智能的快速发展引发了关于意识和感知的伦理问题。我们应该如何定义意识和感知，以及如何判断人工智能是否具有意识？

⏳ **时间感知与意识:** 时间感知与大脑信息处理速度密切相关，但它与意识之间的关系仍然是一个谜。我们应该如何理解时间感知，以及它在意识中的作用？

🤰 **堕胎的伦理困境:** 关于堕胎的伦理问题涉及到人类生命的开始、母体的权利以及胎儿的权利。我们应该如何权衡这些因素，以及如何制定合理的法律和道德规范？

Read the full transcript here.

How did we end up with factory farming? How many animals do we kill every year in factory farms? When we consider the rights of non-human living things, we tend to focus mainly on the animal kingdom, and in particular on relatively larger, more complex animals; but to what extent should insects, plants, fungi, and even single-celled organisms deserve our moral consideration? Do we know anything about what it's like (or not) to be an AI? To what extent is the perception of time linked to the speed at which one's brain processes information? What's the difference between consciousness and sentience? Should an organism be required to have consciousness and/or sentience before we'll give it our moral consideration? What evidence do we have that various organisms and/or AIs are conscious? What do we know about the evolutionary function of consciousness? What's the "rebugnant conclusion"? What might it mean to "harm" an AI? What can be done by the average person to move the needle on these issues? What should we say to people who think all of this is ridiculous? What is Humean constructivism? What do all of the above considerations imply about abortion? Do we (or any organisms or AIs) have free will? How likely is it that panpsychism is true?

Jeff Sebo is Associate Professor of Environmental Studies; Affiliated Professor of Bioethics, Medical Ethics, Philosophy, and Law; Director of the Animal Studies M.A. Program; Director of the Mind, Ethics, and Policy Program; and Co-Director of the Wild Animal Welfare Program at New York University. He is the author of Saving Animals, Saving Ourselves (2022) and co-author of Chimpanzee Rights (2018) and Food, Animals, and the Environment (2018). He is also an executive committee member at the NYU Center for Environmental and Animal Protection, a board member at Minding Animals International, an advisory board member at the Insect Welfare Research Society, a senior research fellow at the Legal Priorities Project, and a mentor at Sentient Media.

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