本文介绍了萨姆·艾普尔的著作《贪婪：奥托·沃伯格、纳粹与癌症饮食联系的探索》。内容涵盖了诺贝尔奖获得者奥托·沃伯格的生平，他是一位在纳粹德国时期因其细胞代谢和癌症研究而幸存的犹太裔科学家。文章详细描述了沃伯格对癌细胞消耗大量葡萄糖的观察，即“沃伯格效应”，以及这一发现如何被遗忘后又重新引起关注。此外，文章探讨了沃伯格对癌症成因的解释，癌症预防，高胰岛素血症的作用，以及饮食糖与癌症之间的关系。

🔬 奥托·沃伯格是一位诺贝尔奖得主，尽管是犹太人且是同性恋者，但由于他对细胞代谢和癌症的研究，在纳粹德国时期得以幸存。他的研究重点在于细胞代谢和癌症的关系。

💡 沃伯格观察到癌细胞会大量消耗葡萄糖，即使在无氧环境下也能进行，这被称为“沃伯格效应”。这一发现最初被忽视，但在几十年后重新引起了癌症生物学领域的关注。

🏆 沃伯格于1931年获得了诺贝尔奖，肯定了他在科学领域的杰出贡献。他的研究在当时具有开创性意义，为后续的癌症研究奠定了基础。

🤔 文章探讨了关于沃伯格对癌症成因的解释的争议，以及高胰岛素血症在其中的潜在作用。并讨论了如何区分癌症的“主要原因”和“次要原因”，以便进行预防。

🍬 文章还讨论了糖、果糖与癌症之间的联系，强调了饮食在癌症预防中的重要性。这部分内容为读者提供了关于健康饮食和癌症风险之间的具体信息。

Sam Apple is the author of the book Ravenous: Otto Warburg, the Nazis, and the Search for the Cancer-Diet Connection, published in May 2021. In this episode, Sam describes the fascinating life story of Otto Warburg, a Nobel Prize-winning scientist who, despite being both Jewish and gay, survived Nazi Germany because of his valuable research on cellular metabolism and cancer. Sam describes Warburg’s observation that cancer cells consume large amounts of glucose anaerobically – a phenomenon subsequently known as the “Warburg Effect” – and relates how Warburg’s seminal work on this topic was largely forgotten after the discovery of oncogenes, only to regain relevance decades later within the field of cancer biology. Sam sheds light on the current debate around Warburg’s interpretation of the causes of cancer, and Peter gives his personal take on the matter. Finally, Peter and Sam tie it all together with a discussion about cancer prevention, the role of hyperinsulinemia, and the link between dietary sugar and cancer. We discuss:

Sam’s interest in Otto Warburg and work as a writer [2:30]; Otto Warburg’s dedication to science and his complicated life in Germany [14:00]; Warburg’s interest in cancer and early discoveries about cellular consumption of oxygen [23:00]; The role models who fueled Warburg’s desire to make a great discovery [34:15]; How Warburg described the primary and secondary causes of cancer [42:15]; Warburg’s Nobel Prize in 1931 [45:45]; Warburg’s life and work during WWII in Nazi Germany [46:30]; Warburg’s research in hydrogen transfers and coenzymes—his best science? [59:45]; Warburg’s decision to stay in Germany after WWII [1:03:30]; Discovery of oncogenes in the 1970s and the decline in interest in Warburg’s ideas [1:07:30]; The renaissance of Warburg’s ideas on cancer metabolism and a new explanation for the Warburg Effect [1:13:45]; The argument against the Warburg Effect as a primary cause of cancer and the potential role hyperinsulinemia [1:21:15]; Identifying primary and secondary causes of cancer for the purpose of prevention [1:27:00]; The link between sugar, fructose, and cancer [1:35:30]; Sam’s reflections on the work that went into Ravenous [1:39:45]; More

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