本期节目邀请神经科学家Stephan Guyenet，探讨了肥胖的神经科学机制。节目深入分析了肥胖在人类历史上的演变，以及近年来肥胖患病率急剧上升的原因。Guyenet详细阐述了基因、大脑和瘦素等激素在调节脂肪 mass 中的作用，并深入探讨了碳水化合物-胰岛素模型和能量平衡模型这两种常见的肥胖理论。此外，节目还讨论了我们对食物的先天倾向，以及现代高刺激性食物的影响。最后，Guyenet提供了关于影响体重的因素、体重设定点，以及如何利用我们对大脑在调节体重方面作用的理解来减肥和保持体重的见解。

🧠 Stephan Guyenet是研究肥胖和能量稳态神经科学的专家，他认为肥胖在人类历史中经历了表型变化，并解释了近几十年肥胖患病率急剧增加的原因。

🧬 节目深入探讨了基因、大脑以及瘦素等激素在调节脂肪 mass 中的作用。Guyenet解释了基因对肥胖的影响，以及人类通过进化方式储存脂肪的倾向。

🍎 节目分析了两种常见的肥胖理论：碳水化合物-胰岛素模型和能量平衡模型，并探讨了哪种理论有更强的证据支持。此外，节目还讨论了我们对食物的先天倾向，以及现代高刺激性食物对大脑的影响。

⚖️ Stephan Guyenet 提供了关于影响体重的因素、体重设定点，以及如何利用我们对大脑在调节体重方面作用的理解来减肥和保持体重的见解。他还讨论了能量平衡模型和低脂或低碳饮食对减肥的影响。

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Stephan Guyenet is a neuroscientist focused on the neuroscience of obesity and energy homeostasis.  He is the author of the book, The Hungry Brain and founder/director of Red Pen Reviews. In this episode, Stephan explains how obesity has changed phenotypically over the course of human history as well as what might explain the dramatic increase in prevalence of obesity in the last few decades. He talks in depth about the role of genetics, the brain, and hormones like leptin play in the regulation of fat mass. He dives deep into two common theories of obesity—the carbohydrate-insulin model and the energy balance model and provides his take on which theory has stronger evidence. Additionally, he provides insights on how we’re hard-wired to think about food and the consequences of modern foods designed for maximal pleasure. Finally, he goes through the factors that affect body weight, set points, and provides takeaways for people wanting to take advantage of what we know about the brain’s role in regulating our body weight.

We discuss:

• Stephan’s neuroscience background and his focus on the nuances of obesity [2:15];
• How obesity has changed for humans throughout history [8:00];
• The association between obesity and adverse health outcomes, the “obesity paradox,” and confounders when relating BMI to longevity [14:00];
• The sharp increase in obesity across demographics [23:30];
• The hypothalamus and its role in obesity [30:00]; 
• The role of the hormone leptin in obesity [40:00];
• The genetic component of obesity [46:30];
• Understanding the tendency of humans to store fat through an evolutionary lens [57:00];  
• The hedonic aspect of food, and how the brain reacts to modern, highly-rewarding foods [1:03:30];
• How we are hard-wired to think about food [1:14:30];
• A review of the “Carnivore diet” [1:21:45];
• The energy balance model, carbohydrate-insulin model, and unifying the theories around adiposity [1:34:15];
• Body weight set points: a hypothetical comparison of two individuals [1:41:45];
• Takeaways for people who want to lose weight and keep it off [1:48:30];
• Evidence that favors the energy balance model of weight gain [1:56:00];
• The synergistic effect of fat and carbohydrates and observations that a low-fat diet or a low-carb diet can cause weight loss [2:04:30];
• Red Pen Reviews [2:11:00];
• More.

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