本期节目是AMA #30的重播，Peter与Bob Kaplan深入探讨了如何研究研究，从而在众多信息中找到关键信号。他们定义了不同类型的研究，研究从构想到执行的流程，以及如何识别研究的优势和局限性。节目解释了临床试验的运作方式，以及需要警惕的偏见和常见陷阱。他们深入研究了影响实验严谨性的关键因素，并讨论了如何衡量效应大小，区分相对风险和绝对风险，以及研究在统计学上具有显著意义的真正含义。最后，Peter分享了自己阅读科学论文的个人流程。

🔬 研究的演进过程：从最初的构想到设计，再到最终的执行，每一个环节都至关重要。理解这一流程有助于我们更好地评估研究的可靠性。

📚 不同类型的研究：节目详细介绍了各种研究类型及其区别，例如观察性研究和实验性研究。了解不同研究类型的特点，有助于我们判断其适用性和局限性。

🧪 临床试验的各个阶段：深入探讨了临床试验的不同阶段，包括其运作方式。了解临床试验的流程，有助于我们评估研究结果的可靠性。

📊 统计学概念的解读：解释了诸如功效、p值和统计显著性等关键统计学概念。理解这些概念，有助于我们正确解读研究结果，避免误导。

💡 Peter的阅读流程：分享了Peter在阅读科学论文时的个人流程。学习这一流程，可以帮助我们更有效地阅读和理解科学论文。

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode

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This special episode is a rebroadcast of AMA #30, now made available to everyone, in which Peter and Bob Kaplan dive deep into all things related to studying studies to help one sift through the noise to find the signal. They define various types of studies, how a study progresses from idea to execution, and how to identify study strengths and limitations. They explain how clinical trials work, as well as biases and common pitfalls to watch out for. They dig into key factors that contribute to the rigor (or lack thereof) of an experiment, and they discuss how to measure effect size, differentiate relative risk from absolute risk, and what it really means when a study is statistically significant. Finally, Peter lays out his personal process when reading through scientific papers.

We discuss:

The ever-changing landscape of scientific literature [2:30]; The process for a study to progress from idea to design to execution [5:00]; Various types of studies and how they differ [8:00]; The different phases of clinical trials [19:45]; Observational studies and the potential for bias [27:00]; Experimental studies: randomization, blinding, and other factors that make or break a study [44:30]; Power, p-values, and statistical significance [56:45]; Measuring effect size: relative risk vs. absolute risk, hazard ratios, and “number needed to treat” [1:08:15]; How to interpret confidence intervals [1:18:00]; Why a study might be stopped before its completion [1:24:00]; Why only a fraction of studies are ever published and how to combat publication bias [1:32:00]; Frequency of training for Olympic weightlifting [1:22:15]; How post-activation potentiation (and the opposite) can improve power training and speed training [1:24:30]; The Strongman competition: more breadth of movement, strength, and stamina [1:32:00]; Why certain journals are more respected than others [1:41:00]; Peter’s process when reading a scientific paper [1:44:15]; and More.

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