文章探讨了约翰·罗尔斯的正义理论——“无知之幕”在不同个人身份理论下的应用，并引申至“众生主义”的伦理框架。作者认为，通过“无知之幕”审视现实，可以更清晰地理解“是”与“应该”的关系，从而推动个体和集体在行动上的转变。文章强调了对所有有感知能力的生物的道德关怀，并提出了基于证据、理性和同情心的行动准则，旨在减轻所有生命体的痛苦。

🧠 罗尔斯的“无知之幕”是设计正义社会的一种思想实验，人们在不了解自身社会地位、天赋等信息的情况下，制定对所有人公平的社会原则，这有助于构建更具包容性的伦理和社会设计。

🐾 众生主义的核心在于，所有能体验痛苦和快乐的生物都具有道德相关性，这包括人类、动物，甚至未来的人工智能或外星生命。意识与感知能力被视为道德考量的关键。

🚪 作者从封闭式、空洞式和开放式个人主义三种视角解读“无知之幕”。封闭式个人主义认为个体出生后开始存在，死亡后结束；空洞式个人主义认为“你”是意识的切片；开放式个人主义则认为所有意识是一个更大的整体。文章认为，前两种视角下，无知之幕能准确描述现实，并对伦理产生重大影响。

💡 “无知之幕”与众生主义相结合，有助于解决“是/应该”的问题。感知痛苦就产生了道德义务去缓解它。通过证据、理性和同情心，我们能够更有效地实现目标，避免使情况恶化，从而关爱所有有感知能力的生命。

Published on June 3, 2025 5:29 PM GMT

Epistemic status: Intuition pump/map for navigating ethics

Introduction

In this essay, I argue that John Rawls’ veil of ignorance is not merely a philosophical thought experiment, but a useful and mostly accurate description of reality when viewed through certain theories of personal identity. This framing leads to sentientism, that all sentient beings are morally relevant . This helps clarify the is/ought problem, and has implications for how we should act both individually and as a species.

The Veil of Ignorance and Its Traditional Use

John Rawls's "original position," part of his social contract theory of justice, introduces the thought experiment of the "veil of ignorance." Behind this veil, individuals are tasked with designing a just society without knowing their own future place within it. They are aware of general facts about human society, but critically, they are ignorant of their personal attributes, social status, or even their specific talents and disadvantages. This means they could emerge as the most privileged or the most disadvantaged, or anywhere in between. This epistemic limitation, Rawls argues, compels individuals to choose principles of justice that are fair to all, as they would not want to risk being subjected to an unjust system themselves. From this perspective, Rawls posits two core principles: equal basic liberties for all, and that any social and economic inequalities must benefit the least advantaged members of society.

While the veil of ignorance offers a powerful framework for conceptualizing justice within human societies, its true potential, I argue, emerges when we extend its scope. Broadening the range of potential identities to encompass all sentient beings, and by further integrating the complexities of personal identity, I believe, offers a more robust and inclusive approach to ethical and societal design.

Sentience and the Scope of Moral Relevance

By 'sentience,' I mean the capacity to experience positive and negative subjective states, particularly suffering and pleasure (i.e. valence). This includes human and non-human animals, and potentially future artificial minds or aliens. I'm using consciousness interchangeably with sentience to generally point to the experience of experiences and feelings, especially valenced ones (like pleasure and pain).

Personal Identity and the Ontology of Consciousness

Viewing it from the three main categories of personal identity I'm aware of, Closed, Empty, and Open Individualism, I think the original position accurately describes an aspect of reality for Closed and Empty Individualism, and that there are large ethical implications of it. Open Individualism just has massive ethical implications in it's own right and in a sense my argument is that even Closed and Empty Individualists end up at a similar ethical place.

I'll be summarizing the forms of Individualism as described in Ontological Qualia: The Future of Personal Identity, and it has this warning which may apply to the rest of this essay as well: "WARNING If you are not psychologically robust, this may be a memetic hazard. It talks about ideas that may affect hedonic tone in people susceptible to bad philosophical experiences." The diagrams are also from the same blog post.

Closed Individualism

Closed Individualism is the common, standard, intuitive-to-most-people view of identity. “You begin to exist when you are born and you stop existing when you die.” This can be modified slightly with beliefs such as souls and an afterlife, but generally speaking "The main conditions for a view to be classified as Closed Individualism is that (1) there is at most one instance of you at any given point in time, and (2) you continue to exist moment after moment."

If you use the lens of Closed Individualism, before you are born, you could be born as any possible sentient being. In other words, the set of all conscious beings born in a given moment is in a sense all the beings exiting the veil of ignorance. Behind the veil we'd rather be born into the best life possible, and certain lives filled with suffering would be especially undesirable, but we wouldn't know which one we'd get - we could be born as any species or entity that's sentient, which means that from behind the veil, we'd want those outside the veil to reduce our odds of being born as a suffering sentient being before it happens.

Empty Individualism

Empty Individualism is the view that "you" are a time slice of consciousness. Although it feels like you're a continuous being as described in Closed Individualism, under Empty Individualism that's an illusion caused by memory being part of the information within each slice of consciousness. So, at least in "normal" states of consciousness, each time slice feels like it's the same being as the one that formed the memories that give rise to it's own experience. The moment of consciousness includes awareness of things experienced by previous moments of consciousness.

From the lens of Empty Individualism, the time-slice of consciousness "you" find "yourself" in could be the slice of any sentient being. All time-slices of consciousness at a given moment are essentially exiting the veil of ignorance. Again, before you find out which time-slice you experience, you'd want all the time-slices to coordinate to make sure your slice is not one of suffering but ideally is one of pleasure instead. Some time slices choose to sacrifice their own well-being in the short run for the well-being of other slices in the long run, which may be admirable, but ideally we'd find ways to do both - improve the experience of other time slices without creating suffering in our own.

Open Individualism

Open Individualism is the view that all consciousness is a part of one larger "whole", so although there may be many separations and distinctions between different sentient beings, at the root of it all, they are all one. One way of looking at this is to consider that there may be parts of your subconscious that are actually conscious, but you don't have access to those experiences any more than you have access to the experiences of "another" person. Open Individualism would suggest that it's the same thing for the whole universe.

From the lens of Open Individualism, you already are every conscious being. Ethical concern for others becomes indistinguishable from self-interest. This doesn't fit as cleanly into a veil of ignorance analogy, but I think if you hold this view it should be even more clear that reducing suffering is very important, even (in fact, especially) "selfishly" speaking.

How the Veil of Ignorance Describes Reality under Closed and Empty Individualism

Both Closed and Empty Individualism posit that consciousness comes into being at some point, either when they are born or at the beginning of a time-slice of consciousness. As soon as a consciousness begins to exist it can be viewed as someone leaving the veil of ignorance and finding out what kind of experience they'll have.

From behind the veil of ignorance, we'd want the people in society to be making sure we don't enter into bad experiences when we leave the veil of ignorance. Now we are the ones outside the veil of ignorance and can choose to either uphold and enact the values we would have endorsed while behind the veil, or ignore them and act selfishly. Of course, you could have a position behind the veil of "no matter who I'm born as, I will put my own subjective experience above all others", but I think many people being honest with themselves would have pretty high-minded ideals from behind the true veil of ignorance - the one that includes all sentient beings - while facing the odds that their experience is full of suffering. Now our task is to live up to those as best we can.

Sentientism and the Is/Ought Problem

This view, taking into account the veil of ignorance, the ontology of personal identity, and the resulting sentientist perspective allows us to resolve the is/ought problem in the same way that it's resolved when you touch a hot stove - what "is" is the experience of pain and heat, and the "ought" is removing your hand. Sentientism takes this logic and generalizes: any conscious experience of suffering gives rise to a moral imperative to alleviate it.

Of course, taking into account the entire moral landscape makes things a lot trickier. We are still individuals without direct access to the experiences of others (and there are a lot of relevant "others"), so as usual, good epistemology ("evidence and reason") is vital to guiding our actions. Thus, the tagline for sentientism: "Evidence, reason and compassion for all sentient beings". Evidence and reason enables us to succeed at our goals without making things worse, and either the veil of ignorance or Open Individualism gets us compassion for all sentient beings.

This is not a literal description of reality

To be clear, I'm not saying that there are literally conscious entities (what people might call "souls") hanging around behind some literal cosmic boundary that separates them from our world, which then get transferred from there and connected to the brains of sentient beings here. I think conscious entities get created when their brain/nervous system starts generating consciousness, and that this is analogous to leaving the veil of ignorance, in such a way that it makes the veil of ignorance perspective a useful map of how we should do ethics.

Conclusion

In this essay, I argued that Rawls’ veil of ignorance is not merely a philosophical thought experiment, but a useful and mostly accurate description of reality when viewed through certain theories of personal identity. This framing leads to sentientism, "evidence, reason, and compassion for all sentient beings". This helps clarify the is/ought problem, and has implications for how we should act both individually and collectively. I think it provides a selfish-ish backing for caring about the suffering of others, if pondering The Horror Of Unfathomable Pain doesn't do it for you.

To me, the ideas I've put forward here seem almost tautological, but it took me a long time to understand things in this way, and I see barely anyone talking about the veil of ignorance. I’m planning to start writing about the importance of AI moral alignment and why we need AIs to be sentiententists rather than only humanists, but first I think it’s important to establish sentientism as more than just another ungrounded philosophy. I hope you found it useful, enjoyable, and interesting! Also, any notes on my writing are welcome, I'm just getting into writing like this :) 

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