本文汇集了技术领域的多个热点话题，涵盖云架构图的最佳实践、API设计的五大支柱、计算机内存的工作原理、Kubernetes的顶级扩展策略以及最新的技术职位招聘信息。从AWS云架构到API设计原则，再到内存管理和容器编排，内容丰富且实用。此外，还提供了大量AI和软件工程领域的高薪职位，为技术人才提供了广阔的职业发展机会。无论是架构师、开发者还是求职者，都能从中获取有价值的信息。

🔑 **JWT详解**：JWT(JSON Web Token)是一种开放标准，用于在两方之间安全地传输信息，常用于身份验证和授权。它由Header、Payload和Signature三部分组成，其中Signature通过对称或非对称签名方式保证安全性。

💡 **API设计的五大支柱**：优秀的API设计应关注接口定义、API范式选择(如REST、GraphQL、gRPC)、实体关系建模、版本控制和速率限制。速率限制对于维护API的可靠性和可用性至关重要。

🧠 **计算机内存工作原理**：数据在计算机系统中从输入源到处理再到存储的流程包括：输入设备、永久存储（硬盘、USB驱动器等）、RAM（物理内存和虚拟内存）、缓存（L1和L2）以及CPU寄存器。内存层级越高，速度越快，容量越小。

🚀 **Kubernetes顶级扩展策略**：Kubernetes提供了多种扩展策略，包括水平Pod自动缩放(HPA)、垂直Pod自动缩放(VPA)、集群自动缩放以及预测性自动缩放。这些策略可以根据CPU利用率、内存使用情况和自定义指标自动调整Pod和节点的数量，以满足应用需求。

🧑‍💻 **热门技术职位招聘**：包括Cash App、Roche、General Motors、Cisco、Palo Alto Networks等公司在机器学习、软件工程等领域提供了大量高薪职位，涵盖高级工程师、技术主管等多个层级。

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This week’s system design refresher:

JWT Simply Explained

The 5 Pillars of API Design

How Computer Memory Works?

Top Kubernetes Scaling Strategies You Must Know

Hiring Now: Top AI Startups and AI Roles

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JWT Simply Explained

JWT or JSON Web Tokens is an open standard for securely transmitting information between two parties. They are widely used for authentication and authorization.

A JWT consists of three main components:

Header
Every JWT carries a header specifying the algorithms for signing the JWT. It’s written in JSON format.

Payload
The payload consists of the claims and the user data. There are different types of claims such as registered, public, and private claims.

Signature
The signature is what makes the JWT secure. It is created by taking the encoded header, encoded payload, secret key, and the algorithm and signing it.

JWTs can be signed in two different ways:

Symmetric Signatures
It uses a single secret key for both signing the token and verifying it. The same key must be shared between the server that signs the JWT and the system that verifies it.

Asymmetric Signatures
In this case, a private key is used to sign the token, and a public key to verify it. The private key is kept secure on the server, while the public key can be distributed to anyone who needs to verify the token.

Over to you: Do you use JWTs for authentication?

The 5 Pillars of API Design

APIs are the backbone of modern systems. But it is also important to design them in the right way.

Here are a few things that a developer should consider while designing APIs

The Interface
API Design is concerned with defining the inputs and outputs of an API. For example, defining how the CRUD operations may be exposed to the user or the client.

API Paradigms
APIs can be built following different paradigms, each with its own set of protocols and standards. Some options are REST, GraphQL, and gRPC.

Relationships in API
APIs often need to establish relationships between the various entities. For example, a user might have multiple orders related to their account. The API endpoints should reflect these relationships for a better client experience.

Versioning
When modifying API endpoints, proper versioning and supporting backward compatibility are important.

Rate Limiting
Rate limiting is used to control the number of requests a user can make to an API within a certain timeframe. This is crucial for maintaining the reliability and availability of the API.

Over to you: Which other API Design principle will you add to the list?

How Computer Memory Works?

Here’s a simple breakdown that shows how data moves through a system from input to processing to storage.

Data enters through input sources like keyboard, mouse, camera, or remote systems.

Permanent storage holds your system files, apps, and media. This includes hard drives, USB drives, ROM/BIOS, and network-based storage.

RAM is the workspace of your computer. It includes physical memory and virtual memory, which temporarily store data and programs while you’re using them.

Cache memory sits closer to the CPU and is split into Level 1 and Level 2. It helps speed up access to frequently used data.

CPU registers are the fastest and smallest memory units. They’re used directly by the processor to execute instructions almost instantly.

The higher you go in the memory pyramid, the faster and smaller the storage.

Over to you: What else will you add to improve the understanding of a computer memory’s working?

Top Kubernetes Scaling Strategies You Must Know

Horizontal Pod Autoscaling or HPA
Horizontal Pod Autoscaler automatically scales the number of Pods in a Deployment, ReplicaSet, or StatefulSet based on observed CPU utilization, memory usage, or custom metrics.

Vertical Pod Autoscaling or VPA
Based on application requirements, VPA adjusts the resources allocated to individual pods, such as CPU and memory. This approach dynamically changes pod resource settings based on workload metrics.

Cluster Auto Scaling
The Cluster Autoscaler automatically adjusts the number of nodes in a Kubernetes cluster. It interacts with the cloud provider to add or remove nodes based on requirements. This is important to maintain a balanced cluster.

Predictive Auto Scaling
Predictive Autoscaling uses machine learning to forecast future resource requirements. It helps Kubernetes adjust resources by anticipating workload demands.

Over to you: Which other Kubernetes Scaling Strategy will you add to the list?

Hiring Now: Tech Roles

Top ML Roles Opened in the Last 12 Hours

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High Salary General SWE Roles this week

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