Published on March 6, 2025 12:37 PM GMT
Animal agriculture generates an ungodly amount of animal suffering and greenhouse gas emissions. Ideally, everyone would adopt a vegan diet1, but since this appears to be too much to ask for most people, the next question becomes: which food is the least bad?
Here we run into an uncomfortable observation. Meat from larger animals tends to produce more CO₂, while meat from smaller animals tends to cause more animal suffering.
This makes intuitive sense: when converting animals into a set mass of meat, more individual animals must suffer if they are smaller. We can see this in the data, e.g., we slaughter 309 million cows per year, while the number of chickens slaughtered exceeds 75 Billion per year.
Let’s start ranking
Let's start by comparing greenhouse gas emissions. Which foods have the lowest CO₂ impact?
Here’s how many kilograms of CO₂-equivalized emissions are produced per kilogram of food (some create methane etc, but that’s accounted for by converting it into the same unit), ranked from worst to best:
Beef (beef herd) 99.48 kg
Lamb & Mutton 39.72 kg
Beef (dairy herd) 33.3 kg
Prawns (farmed) 26.87 kg
Cheese 23.88 kg
Fish (farmed) 13.63 kg
Pig Meat 12.31 kg
Poultry Meat 9.87 kg
Eggs 4.67 kg
Rice 4.45 kg
Tofu 3.16 kg
Milk 3.15 kg
Soy milk 0.98 kg
As we can see, larger animals tend to create more CO₂.
Can we create a similar ranking for animal suffering? Yes we can, if we take the sentience figures from this report and apply it to the production process used to create the meat. Here’s the equivalized days of suffering per kg of food (some have bigger brains etc, but that’s accounted for by converting it into the same unit), ranked from worst to best:
Farmed catfish 290 d
Battery cage eggs 42 d
Farmed salmon 27 d
Chicken 27 d
Turkey 15 d
Pork 3.9 d
Beef 0.8 d
Milk 0.049 d
Tofu 0 d
Soy milk 0 d
As we can see, the smaller animals tend to produce more suffering. The best products on these lists, both in terms of animal suffering and CO₂, are tofu and soy milk.
For those who don't want to go vegan, milk is still comparatively good in terms of both CO₂ and animal suffering, so you might want to go vegetarian then. But for those who want to keep eating meat, we have a dilemma between CO₂ and animal suffering. Compare beef and chicken again. Beef has ten times the CO₂ impact of chicken meat, but chicken meat has 34 times higher impact on suffering than beef.2
Now, don’t take these exact numbers as gospel. We’re still in the process of researching this so I expect the exact numbers to change over time. If you want to use different numbers you can play with the calculations using this interactive chart.3 The important thing is not the exact numbers but rather the orders of magnitude; which clearly point in the direction of meat production with smaller animals creating more suffering.
What to pick
Farmed fish is terrible in terms of animal welfare and pretty bad in terms of CO₂, so best avoid that. Beef is terrible in terms of CO₂, but comparatively good in terms of animal suffering (the word "comparative" is doing a lot of heavy lifting there). So if you don't care about animals but do care about CO₂, beef is the most important one to avoid. For those who only care about animals, farmed fish and chickens are the most important to avoid.
For those of you who are having trouble weighing the two against one another, consider this: When choosing between, e.g, chicken and beef, you're effectively choosing between creating the equivalent of 89 kg more CO₂ (with beef) or the equivalent of 26 days more torture (with chicken). To put this into context, a campfire produces about 10 kg of CO₂. Would you rather make 9 campfires or start torturing for 26 days?4 Are people who have a hearth morally equivalent to people who torture every day? Or what about a candle? It produces 0,01 kg of CO₂. Is lighting a candle worse than torturing an animal for a couple minutes? I would say: no, clearly not. The enormous quantity of suffering created in factory farms easily trumps the quantity of CO₂ that it creates.
We hear a lot about climate change in the news and online, while animal suffering gets little attention. But the scale of suffering that is produced in factory farms is unimaginably large. Please consider eating fewer small animals.
Discuss
