人权观察发布新报告，揭露了网络主播在国外持续遭受剥削的现象，许多主播在Chaturbate等热门网站上工作，被全球数百万人观看，但却不受平台服务条款或劳工运动的保护。报告详细记录了哥伦比亚网络直播工作室的情况，概述了在波哥大、卡利、麦德林和帕尔米拉等城市的网络直播工作室中日益恶化的虐待环境。人权观察采访了55名工作室网络主播、哥伦比亚当局、美国国务院官员和反贩运专家，许多受访者表示被迫在恶劣的卫生和身体条件下工作，并受到长达24小时的持续监视。许多人从未阅读或签署其内容出现的平台的服务条款，其账户由工作室创建和监督。工作室还被指控强迫主播长时间在线，并以扣工资和减少流量相威胁。

🇨🇴人权观察详细记录了哥伦比亚网络直播工作室的情况，包括波哥大、卡利、麦德林和帕尔米拉等城市，发现这些工作室存在日益恶化的虐待环境，主播们经常被迫在恶劣的卫生和身体条件下工作，并受到长达24小时的持续监视。

🎤许多受访的网络主播表示，他们从未阅读或签署过其内容所发布平台的服务条款，他们的账户完全由工作室创建和监督，这使得他们无法了解平台规则，从而可能导致工资被盗和性剥削。例如，很少有网络直播平台为主播在直播期间休息提供保护。

💰直播平台通常会拿走主播收入的50%至65%，而哥伦比亚的一些工作室甚至会保留平台支付给主播的70%，导致主播的收入微薄。此外，许多工作室还保留了主播账户的所有权，迫使他们留在工作室，否则将面临失去粉丝和收入的风险。

⚖️哥伦比亚已将性工作合法化，所有接受采访的主播都同意从事这项工作，然而，成人内容平台，尤其是网络直播行业，仍然存在监管漏洞，威胁着主播的安全。“性工作者应该像所有工人一样享有国际人权法规定的劳动保护，但价值数十亿美元的网络直播行业在很大程度上逃避了对其供应链中虐待行为的审查，”报告作者、人权观察研究员艾琳·基尔布赖德写道。

💻网络直播处于女性化劳动、反性工作污名、非正规经济和平台中介的零工经济的交叉点。这种结合使其成为多种形式劳动剥削的现成场所。成人网络直播平台在很大程度上仍然免于因其直接参与和促成对工作室网络直播工作者的剥削而受到谴责。

A new report by Human Rights Watch documents the continued exploitation of webcam models abroad, many of whom operate on popular sites like Chaturbate and are streamed by millions around the world — but aren't protected by either the platforms' Terms of Service or the larger labor movement.

An extensive documentation of webcam studio conditions in Colombia, the international human rights group's report outlines an increasingly abusive environment within webcamming studios hosted in cities like Bogotá, Cali, Medellín, and Palmira. The organization spoke to 55 studio-based webcammers, Colombian authorities, U.S. State Department officials, and anti-trafficking experts.

Many of the models interviewed by Human Rights Watch and Colombian sex worker-led organizations La Liga de Salud Trans and Corporación Calle 7 Colombia recounted being coerced into "abysmal" sanitary and physical working conditions under constant surveillance, for periods of up to 24 hours. Even more recounted having never read or signed the Terms of Service of the platforms their content appeared on, with their accounts being made and overseen by the studios — guidelines that could offer them insight into further wage theft and sexual exploitation. For example, few of the webcam platforms offer protections for models to take breaks during live cam shifts. Studios reportedly pressured models into staying online for extended periods of time, using the threat of docked pay and decreased traffic.

Colombia has decriminalized sex work — a globally supported policy position among sex worker, labor, and human rights activists — and all of the models interviewed had consented to their work, yet adult content platforms, especially those in the webcam industry, continue to slip through the regulatory cracks and threaten the safety of models. “Sex workers deserve the same labor protections as all workers under international human rights law, but the billion-dollar webcam industry has largely avoided scrutiny for abuses in its supply chains,” writes report author and Human Rights Watch researcher Erin Kilbride. "Sexual exploitation is not inherent to webcam modeling, but our research indicates that the risk of exploitation in Colombian studios is extremely high."

Labor violations among webcam studio operators overseeing adult content models are well documented. While streaming platforms take anywhere from 50 to 65 percent of a model's earnings already, Human Rights Watch explains, studios like those documented in Colombia retain as much as 70 percent of what is paid out by the platform, reducing model earnings to meager numbers. In addition, many studios retain ownership of models' accounts, forcing them to stay with the studio or risk losing their followings and living wages. The organization reports that this is also a way for studios to circumvent verification systems that protect minors from entering the platform.

"Webcamming exists at the intersection of feminized labor, anti-sex work stigma, the informal economy, and the platform-mediated gig-economy. This combination makes it a ready site of multiple forms of labor exploitation," Human Rights Watch explains in the report. "Adult webcam platforms have remained largely immune to rebuke for their direct participation in and enabling of the exploitation of studio-based webcam workers."