But the analogy to the entertainment industry breaks apart on the matter of what the fans are paying for. Acolytes of Swift and Ohtani buy expensive tickets for a few hours of galvanizing fun, while investors in Nvidia want their money back and then some. A close look at the data suggests long-term investors who buy the stock at recent prices are unlikely to get the returns they’re expecting.The analysis is based on economic profit, also called economic value added (EVA), a fundamental measure that avoids distortions in the accounting that publicly traded companies must use. It’s centered on capital, how much it costs, and how well a company uses its capital to create profit. Research has found this method of analysis is more predictive than looking at earnings per share.An economic profit analysis assembled at Fortune’s request by Institutional Shareholder Services’ ISS EVA shows that Nvidia is every bit the superstar it appears to be. You don’t have to be a finance wonk to understand these numbers: Nvidia’s return on capital over the past four quarters is 140%, while its cost of capital is 9.3%. “Staggering,” says Bennett Stewart, one of the pioneers of economic profit analysis. “It’s hard to fathom how they could get a return on capital much higher than that.”Here’s how astoundingly Nvidia makes money. ISS calculates EVA data for 21,000 publicly traded companies worldwide, and it reports that Nvidia is in the 100th percentile for profitability. That doesn’t mean Nvidia is in the top percentile (which would be the 99th percentile). It means Nvidia ranks above every one of those other 21,000 companies, or possibly ties with some of them.But those remarkable numbers reflect the past, and stock prices are based on the future. Thus the critical question for investors: What are the chances that Nvidia will perform well enough in future years to justify the stock’s price, recently about $136? EVA can help answer that question.We asked ISS EVA to calculate how fast Nvidia would have to increase its economic profit annually over the next 20 years in order to justify its recent share price. The answer: 21.4%. Nvidia must increase its economic profit by 21.4% every year for 20 years. If it can’t do that, it’s recent stock price is too high.So can it do that? No one knows for sure, but here are some numbers for context.· Nvidia’s economic profit over the past four quarters was $46.2 billion. Its economic profit would have to have grown to $2.2 trillion for the 20th year alone to justify its recent stock price.· The highest economic profit ever earned by any company in 12 months is $202.7 billion, achieved by Saudi Arabian Oil Co. in 2022.· The highest economic profit ever earned by a tech company is Apple’s $92.8 billion.And then there’s a fact based not on math but on real-world experience: When numbers get really big, increasing them by large percentages every year becomes difficult and eventually impossible.This isn’t just theory. EVA analyses of this type—showing a massive gap between a company’s stock price and the operating performance necessary to achieve it—have proved prescient.A Fortune analysis in 2023 found that Tesla stock was overpriced at $210. It declined to $138, though because the stock is highly volatile, we warned that it might jump above $210, which it has done (recently $247). Most Wall Street analysts expect it to decline, dropping further from its $414 peak.Fortune in 2021 published an EVA analysis of Amazon’s stock price showing that it was unreasonably high. Investors who bought at that price have regretted it. As we write this, the stock is exactly where it was—$186—when the analysis appeared more than three years ago.Just before the infamous AOL-Time Warner merger was announced in 2000, Fortune published an EVA analysis showing (correctly) that AOL stock was impossibly overvalued. The stock was the currency with which AOL bought Time Warner, and a following article concluded the deal had to be doomed—as it proved to be.Nvidia doesn’t have a problem. It’s performing spectacularly. But the recent buyers of the stock are taking a far greater risk than they may realize. They’re betting Nvidia will continue performing spectacularly for 20 years. In theory, it’s possible. In reality, betting that Taylor Swift and Shohei Ohtani will perform at the top of their game for the next 20 years might offer better odds.Upcoming event: Join business's brightest minds and boldest leaders at the Fortune Global Forum, convening November 11 and 12 in New York City. Thought-provoking sessions and off-the-record discussions feature Fortune 500 CEOs, former Cabinet members and global Ambassadors, and 7x world champion Tom Brady–among many others.
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